Common and often gregarious on stony slopes and rocky hillsides with sand and thorn scrub; little touched by cattle and goats. The red powder on the fruits can be used for dyeing silk and wool, and also as an antiseptic and anthelminthic.
Common Names:
in English: kamala, kamala dye, kamala tree, monkey face
tree, red berry, red kamala
in China: cu kang chai, lu song qiu mao
in India: adavigabathodu, adavigubatada, adavigubbathadu, adavigubbathuda, adavigubbatuda, adivigubatadu, avam, bahupushpa, ban sindur, bems, benduruppu, bol-khingkhang, bol khing khang, camela, candrahittu, cendiramu, cenkolli, chandra, chandra hittu, chandrahittu, chendiramu, chendra, chendurapu, chenkolli, cinturamaram, corungamanje, cuvannakecari, cuvarnakecari, dholo, dieng chandon, etthunaalige, ettunalige, honne, hulicellu, hulichellu, hulichendu, hullichellu, jirul, jorat, kabilam, kabilappodi, kaesari maavu, kage-em-bang, kamal, kamala, kamalai, kamalappoti, kamalgundi, kambal, kambha, kambhal, kambila, kambosam, kameela, kamela, kamela-mavu, kamelamavumaram, kamila, kamila asli, kamla, kamlappoti, kamli, kampeela, kampila asal, kampiliaka, kampilla, kampillah, kampillaka, kampillakah, kampilyakah, kampipala, kampippaalatholi, kampippala, kampippalappalu, kamplik, kampocam, kamud, kanapotta, kanbela, kanila, kanula, kapeelaa rangu, kapila, kapila-podi, kapilapodi, kapilam, kapilappoti, kapilappotimaram, kapile, kapilo, kapli, karkasha, kaseri, kecavam, kemela, kesara, kesari, kesarimavoo, kesarimavu, kinbil, kinbila, kishur, kopilapodi, korangumunji, kukhro, kukuma, kukumapuvvu, kumkumada mara, kumkumadamara, kumkumamu, kumpikam, kungumam, kunguman, kunkuma, kunkuma chettu, kunkumachettu, kunkumada, kunkumadamara, kunkumam, kunkumamaram, kunkume, kunkumum, kunnajcholai, kuramadakka, kuramatakku, kuramatukka, kurangumanianatti, kurangumanjanathi, kuranku mancanari, kurankumunci, kurankumuncimaram, kurku, kurukkutti, laghupatraka, lohitanga, lokhadi, losan, madhuka, makal, mancanai, manjana, manjanai, manjanna, mannanna, maravam, maunana, munnaga, naagaraktha, nadivasa, nagarakta, nagaruttu, nakamucikai, nakarattam, naravam, naravu, pachi, pee-ponnagam, pikaksha, piponnakam, pipponnakam, ponnagam, ponnakam, ponne, ponneda, ponni, ponoo, poonagam, pung tung, punna, punnaga, punnagakesara, punnagam, punnakam, punnama, puroakung, purushatunga, qanbil, qimbeel, raini, rajanaka, rajanikah, raktanga, raktaphala (rakta, blood, phala, fruit), ranjaka, rauni, recanakah, rechanaka, rechani, rechi, rochana, roghan kamila, rohini, rohni, roini, roiyan, roli, rora, rori, royni, ruena, ruin, ruina, rulu, saruakasari, sendhoori, sendri, senduri gooti, senduria, sennori maram, shendhuri, shendri, shenkolli, shindur, sindhooragunda, sindhuram, sindori, sindur, sinduragunda, sinduram, sindure, sinduri, sindurni, sinduro gatcho, sundaragundi, sundari, sundharashundi, surahonne, suraparni, suvarnakesari, tanittai, tavattai, tavitu, thavatta, thavattai, thing-khei, thingkhei, thipaj kanla, thunga, thungavriksham, tiruccalai, tsjerou-ponnagam, tunga, ureirom-laba, varnaka, vasant, vasanta, vasantagandhamu, vasantagundamu, vasantangauda, vasanthagunda, vasanthagundi, vasanthgunda chettu, vasare, vassanta, vassuntagunda,
vassuntagundu, veligarapu, vusuntagundha, wusuntagundha
in Indonesia: galuga furu, kapasan, ki meyong
in Japan: aka-mamiki, fira-jika, kusu-no-ha-gashiwa
in Malaysia: balik angin, kasirau, minyak madja, rambai kuching
in Nepal: rohinee, sano panheli, sindure
in Papua New Guinea: mamad, tore
in Philippines: apuyot, banato, darandang, kamala, panagisen, panagisian, panagisien, pangaplasin, pikal, sala, tafu, tagusala, tulula
in Thailand: kaai khat hin, khee nuea, saet
in Tibet: ka bi la ya ka, kam pi lya ga
in Vietnam: ba chia, canh kiên, rùm nao
Floral Description:
According to Flora of Pakistan:
A shrub or small evergreen tree 3-6 m high in Pakistan, elsewhere up to 20 m. Stems fluted in age. Bark rough, dark grey, thin. Wood white. Young shoots, petioles, leaves and inflorescences fulvous- to ferruginous-pubescent. Leaves alternate or subopposite. Petioles 1-4 (-7) cm long. Leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 x 2-9 cm, acute or subacutely shortly acuminate, subentire, cuneate, rounded or subtruncate at the base, triplinerved from the base, lateral nerves 3-8 pairs, tertiary nerves ± parallel, glabrous above, with a pair of large glands at the base, sparingly pubescent and minutely reddish-gland-dotted beneath, glaucous. Stipules minute, fugacious. Male inflorescences terminal, spicate or racemose, often clustered and appearing as if paniculate, up to 7 cm long, dense-flowered; bracts triangular, 1 mm long, persistent. Male flowers subsessile, or with pedicels 1 mm long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3 x 1-1.5 mm, acute, pubescent, glandular; stamens c. 30, 3 mm long, anthers 1 mm long, with a few apical glands; disc minute, central. Female inflorescences ± as in the ♂, but shorter and less crowded. Female flowers sessile or subsessile; calyx-lobes 3-5, triangular-ovate, 1.5 mm long, closely adpressed to the ovary, subpersistent, otherwise as in the ♂; ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm diam., pubescent and densely red-glandular; styles 2-3 mm long, plumose, green. Fruit trilobite-subglobose, occasionally quadrilobate, 8-10 x 6-7 mm, ± smooth, densely covered with crimson granular glands, which rub off, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds subglobose, c. 4 mm diam., ± smooth, black.
According to Flora of China:
Shrubs or small trees, 2-15 m tall. Branchlets, petiole, and inflorescences yellow-brownish stellate-tomentose. Stipules small, ca. 1 mm; petiole 2-9 cm; leaf blade ovate to lanceolate, 5-20 × 3-6 cm, leathery, adaxially glabrescent, abaxially gray-yellow tomentulose and sparsely red glandular-scaly, base cuneate or obtuse, with 2-4 basal glands, margin subentire, apex acuminate; basal veins 3. Male inflorescences unbranched, 5-10 cm; bracts triangular, ca. 1 mm. Male flowers 1-5-fascicled; pedicel 1-2 mm; calyx lobes 3 or 4, oblong, ca. 2 mm, tomentulose; stamens 15-30. Female inflorescences 3-8 cm, 10-15 cm in fruit; bracts triangular, ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: pedicel ca. 2 mm; calyx lobes 3-5, subovate, ca. 3 mm, tomentose; ovary tomentose and red glandular-scaly; styles 3, 3-4 mm, plumose. Capsule subglobose, 8-10 mm in diam., (2 or)3-locular, covered with a red glandular-scaly layer. Seeds subglobose, ca. 4 mm in diam., black
Chemical Constitutes:
Rottlerin, 2',4'-Dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3'-prenylchalcone, Mallotus A, 2',4'-Dihydroxy-3',6'',6''-trimethylpyrano[2'',3'':6',5']chalcone, 3'-Prenylrubranine, Kamalachalcone A, Kamalachalcone B, Mallotophilippen A, Mallotophilippen B
Pharmacological Activities:
Plant powder taken as an oral contraceptive; flowers and bark of Pterospermum acerifolium charred and mixed with kamala (Mallotus philippensis) applied on suppurating smallpox; plant juice given in skin diseases, and a paste used as external application. Flower decoction as an anthelmintic. Bark astringent, anthelmintic, antioxidant, blood purifier; bark paste applied on toothache and muscular pains; stem bark decoction taken for stomachache; stem bark decoction together with Cuscuta reflexa, stem bark of Mangifera indica and leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus used as bath for the treatment of jaundice. Seeds decoction taken to expel intestinal worms; powder of the seeds taken along with the curd as a vermifuge; seed powder mixed with Argemone mexicana latex used as an ointment for skin diseases. Red powder from the fruits mixed with coconut oil and applied externally as an antiseptic in skin diseases and blisters in the ears; glands and hairs on the fruit used as anthelmintic and purgative; powder also for dysentery, constipation and to destroy intestinal worms, tapeworms; all parts can be applied externally to treat parasitic infections of the skin; fruit powder with milk and curd to remove worms from the intestine of children. Roots given to pregnant women and as a postpartum remedy; fresh roots juice used as ear drops in earache. Leaves decoction useful for joint pain, rheumatic arthritis, inflammation and osteoporosis, also drunk to treat diarrhea. Veterinary medicine, seed powder given as an anthelmintic and astringent in diarrhea and dysentery; powdered bark of Mallotus philippensis, cumin seeds, asafoetida and seeds of Trachyspermum ammi pounded and given orally to cure hypocalcemia and Downer Cow Syndrome.
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