Juglans regia

Juglans regia, the Persian walnut, English walnut, or especially in Great Britain, common walnut, is an Old World walnut tree species native to the region stretching from the Balkans eastward to the Himalayas and southwest China. The largest forests are in Kyrgyzstan, where trees occur in extensive, nearly pure walnut forests at 1,000–2,000 m altitude—notably at Arslanbob in Jalal-Abad Province

Chemicals:

Gibberellin A1, Gibberellin A4, Gibberellin A8, Gibberellin A19, Gibberellin A20, Gibberellin A29, Gibberellin A44, Gibberellin A53, 5-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, Gallic acid, Pedunculagin, Tellimagrandin I, Linaloyl acetate, Linaloyl acetate, Betulin, Juglanin, Avicularin, delta-Tocopherol, beta-Tocopherol, gamma-Tocopherol, alpha-Tocopherol, Eugenin, delta-Tocotrienol, Strictinin, 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone

Nutrients:

Carbohydrate: 13710.000 - 17900.000 mg/100g

Energy: 654.000 - 2738.000 kcal/100g

Fat: 55050.000 - 55050.000 mg/100g

Fatty acids: 65210.000 - 65210.000 mg/100g

Fiber (dietary): 6700.000 - 6700.000 mg/100g

Proteins: 15230.000 - 17050.000 mg/100g

Common Names:

in English: Black Sea walnut, Carpathian walnut, English

walnut, European walnut, Madeira walnut, Persian walnut,

walnut, walnut tree

in Arabic: djouz, jouza, joz, naksh, souak, zouz

in Bhutan: khe shing, ta shing, tago

in China: chiang tao, hei tao, hu tao, hu tao ren, tao zai

in India: aankhor, akaroda, akhoda, akhor, akhota, akhroot,

akhror, akhrot, akhrot kattewala, akhrot maghz, akroda,

akrodu, akrot, akrottu, akrotu, akrotu beeja, akschoda,

akschota, akshota, akshota-akschoda, akshotaka, aksoda,

aksodah, aksota, aksotah, chahar-maghz, chaharmaghaz,

char-maghz, cimai akrottu, dandansa, dandasha, doon, fouz,

garadgaan, girdagan, heijuga, jangli, jaoz, jooz-ul-hanf,

ka, kaa, kaboot, kanola, karparala, kaslees, khaw-kherh,

khawkherh, khor, okhor, madanabhaphala, maghz akhrot,

maghz badam shirin, parvatiya, phalasnehah, rekhaphala,

svadu majja, than

in Lepcha: kaol koong

in Nepal: dhant okhar, okhar

in Pakistan: dandasa

in Tibet: star ga

in Portuguese: nogueira

Floral Description:

According to Flora of Pakistan:

Deciduous tree up to 25 m tall. Young shoots tomentose. Leaves impa¬ripinnate, 17-40 cm long; leaflets 5-9, softly tomentose, opposite to sub-opposite, 7-20 cm long, 3-8 cm broa petiolule 2-4 mm long. Male catkins 6-12 cm long, lateral; bract c. 2 mm long; bracteoles 2, c. 3 nun long, ovate to obovate, pubescent; tepals 4, ovate, c. 2 mm long; stamens 10-20, subsessile; anthers 2 mm long, irregularly apiculate, basifixed, dehiscing longitudinalld, ovate to elliptic-ovate, acute to acuminate, glab¬rescent to pubescent on nerves beneath;y. Female flowers 1-3, terminal on short spikes; involucral tube of fused bract and bracteoles, c. 3.5 mm long, tomentose, glandular, obscurely 4-toothed and irregular at the margin; tepals 4, linear, 2.5-4 mm long, alternating with the teeth; margin sparsely pubescent; ovary c. 3.5 mm long, ovoid, inferior; style c. 2 mm long; stigmas 2, recurved, plumose to fimbriate, exserted. Drupe up to 5 cm long, ovoid to subglobose; epicarp green, glandular; endocarp 2-valved; seed 2 to 4-lobed at the base.

The English or Persian walnut is found wild and cultivated in the Himalayas from 1000—3300 m alt. s. m. Ssp. fallax (Dode) Popov in Bull. App. Bot. 22, 3:204. 1929 (Juglans fallax Dode in Bull. Soc. Dendr. Fr. 89. 1906) is probably the form that occurs here. Valued for its wood and edible fruit; the wood is excellent for furniture, carving and for gun stocks; the bark is good for the gums and in the local market it is sold under the name of ‘dandasa’. It is also used as a vermi¬fuge and for staining; the leaves are used as fodder. The seed yields an oil used in cooking. The ‘kaghzi’ variety of walnut (Juglans doucloxiana of Dode) is valued for its thin shelled edible fruit.

According to Flora of China:

Trees to 25 m tall. Leaves 25-30 cm; petiole 5-7 cm; petiole and rachis glabrescent, without glandular hairs; leaflets (3 or)5-9, entire on mature trees, sometimes obscurely serrulate on young plants; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolule 1-2 mm, blade elliptic-ovate to long elliptic, 6-15 × 3-6 cm, abaxially glabrous except for tufts of hairs in vein axils, without glandular hairs, base oblique, subrounded, apex obtuse or acute to shortly acuminate; terminal petiolule 2.5-6 cm. Male spike 5-10(-15) cm. Stamens 6-30(-40). Fruiting spike usually with 1-3(-38) nuts. Nuts subglobose, 4-6 cm; husk glabrous, irregularly dehiscent; shell thick except in commercial varieties, wrinkled. 

Commonly cultivated in China from 23-42° N for its edible, oily nuts and hard, fine grained wood. Juglans regia has a very long history of cultivation in China and elsewhere; as a result, there are many cultivars, including five Chinese taxa that L.-A. Dode (Bull. Soc. Dendrol. France 2: 67-98. 1906), recognized on the basis of differences in shell thickness, size, etc.

Activities and Uses:

Plant parts used in a formulation to treat breast cancer, human cancer cell antiproliferative and antioxidant. Oil from the seed kernels digestive,carminative, stimulant, for body itching, stomachache. Fruits useful in rheumatism. Bark good for the gums; bark juice anthelmintic; stem bark decoction drunk as a vermifuge, to destroy and expel intestinal worms. Exocarp decoction in warm water used for frost bite. Leaves antioxidant and antidiabetic, extract from leaves decreases the blood sugar level, has a positive impact on lipid etabolism; leaves decoction for sores; leaves and outer rind of fruits used for eczema, syphilis and rheumatism. Leaves and bark insect repellent, botanical insecticide. Leaves, bark and immature fruit as fish poison; rind of unripe fruit piscicide.

Other activities include: Analgesic, Anthelminthic, Antiaggregant, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antidote, Antiherpetic, Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiperspirant, Antiradicular, Antiseptic, Antitumor, Antiviral, Aphrodisiac, Astringent, Candidicide, Carcinogenic, Cholagogue, Depurative, Digestive, Diuretic, Emollient, Fungicide, Fungicide, Herbicide, Insecticide, Laxative, Leukoplakogenic, Litholytic, Molluscicide, Mutagenic, Myorelaxant, Mytotonic, Stimulant, Vermicide,